Peptide Research Database
Research-backed information on peptides — dosage, half-life, risks, and the latest peer-reviewed studies from PubMed.
Popular Peptides
5-Amino-1MQ
Small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme overexpressed in fat tissue. Not a peptide but commonly sold alongside peptides for weight management.
ACE-031
Soluble activin receptor type IIB fusion protein (ActRIIB-Fc). Acts as a myostatin/activin 'trap' by sequestering these growth inhibitors before they reach muscle tissue.
Acetic Acid
Dilute acetic acid (typically 0.6%) solution used to reconstitute certain peptides that are not soluble in bacteriostatic water, particularly GH-releasing peptides and some antimicrobial peptides.
Adipotide
Experimental peptidomimetic that targets and destroys blood vessels feeding white adipose tissue, causing fat cell apoptosis. Originally developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center.
AEDG Peptide
A tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) that is the shortest active fragment of Epithalon. Also known as Epitalon's core sequence. Studied for telomerase activation and pineal gland regulation, similar to its parent peptide but in a shorter form.
AICAR
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide — an AMP-kinase activator that mimics exercise at the cellular level. Enhances endurance and fat oxidation. Banned by WADA as a metabolic modulator.
Alprostadil
Synthetic prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). FDA-approved vasodilator for erectile dysfunction. Works locally by relaxing smooth muscle in penile blood vessels. Also used for neonatal heart defects.
AOD-9604
Modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191) with a tyrosine addition. Developed for fat loss without growth-promoting effects of full HGH.
Ara-290
Non-erythropoietic peptide derived from EPO. Activates the innate repair receptor (IRR) for tissue protection and nerve regeneration without stimulating red blood cell production.
Bacteriostatic Water
Sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative. Used to reconstitute lyophilized (freeze-dried) peptides. The benzyl alcohol prevents bacterial growth, allowing multi-dose use.
Botulinum Toxin
Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The most potent biological toxin known. In controlled medical doses, it temporarily paralyzes muscles to reduce wrinkles and treat various neuromuscular conditions.
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound-157. Synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protein in gastric juice. Widely studied for regenerative and healing properties, particularly for tendons, ligaments, and the gut.
BPC-157 + TB-500
Combination product pairing BPC-157 and TB-500 in a single vial. Targets complementary healing pathways — BPC-157 for gut/tendon/ligament repair and TB-500 for systemic tissue regeneration.
Cagrilintide
Long-acting amylin analogue developed by Novo Nordisk. Amylin is co-secreted with insulin and promotes satiety. Being developed as part of the CagriSema combination therapy.
CagriSema
Fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide (amylin analogue) and semaglutide (GLP-1 agonist). Achieved approximately 25% body weight loss in Phase 3 trials by targeting two complementary appetite pathways.
Cerebrolysin
Porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids. Used for stroke recovery, TBI, and neurodegenerative diseases in many countries outside the US.
CJC-1295 (no DAC)
Synthetic GHRH analogue (also called Mod GRF 1-29) consisting of the first 29 amino acids of GHRH with four amino acid substitutions for increased stability. Stimulates pulsatile GH release.
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin
One of the most commonly prescribed peptide stacks. Combines the GHRH analogue CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29) with the ghrelin-mimetic Ipamorelin for synergistic, pulsatile growth hormone release with minimal side effects.
CJC-1295 with DAC
CJC-1295 with Drug Affinity Complex — a reactive succinimide linker that covalently binds to albumin in the bloodstream, dramatically extending duration of action compared to the no-DAC version.
Cortagen
A short synthetic peptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) developed by the Khavinson Institute in Russia. Designed to normalize brain cortex function and support cognitive processes. Part of the Khavinson peptide bioregulator family.
Dermorphin
Opioid heptapeptide originally isolated from the skin of South American tree frogs. 30–40x more potent than morphine at the μ-opioid receptor. Highly controversial due to abuse in horse racing.
Dihexa
A hexapeptide derivative of angiotensin IV reported to be up to 10 million times more potent than BDNF at enhancing cognitive function in animal models. One of the most talked-about nootropic peptides for memory and neuroplasticity.
DSIP
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide — neuropeptide originally isolated from rabbit brain tissue. Promotes deep delta wave sleep and modulates stress responses and pain perception.
Enclomiphene
The trans-isomer of clomiphene citrate. A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that stimulates endogenous testosterone production. Widely used in men's health clinics as an alternative to testosterone replacement therapy.
Epithalon
Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on epithalamin from the pineal gland. Studied for telomerase activation, which may slow cellular aging by maintaining telomere length.
EPO
Erythropoietin — glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production. FDA-approved for anemia. Notorious for its abuse in endurance sports.
Follistatin
Naturally occurring glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes myostatin, activin, and other TGF-beta superfamily members. Acts as a potent natural brake-release for muscle growth.
FOXO4-DRI
D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts the FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells, triggering their selective apoptosis. A senolytic agent that clears 'zombie cells' that accumulate with aging.
GDF-8 (Myostatin)
Growth Differentiation Factor 8 (myostatin) is the primary negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Sold for research purposes. Myostatin INHIBITORS are the therapeutic target — myostatin itself limits muscle growth.
GHK-Cu
Copper peptide — naturally occurring tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) with high copper affinity. Widely used in skincare for collagen synthesis, skin remodeling, and wound healing.
GHRP-2
Synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone releasing peptide. Produces strong GH release with moderate effects on cortisol and prolactin. Considered the most potent GHRP for GH release after Hexarelin.
GHRP-6
One of the first synthetic growth hormone releasing peptides developed. Known for strong GH release accompanied by significant appetite stimulation due to ghrelin mimicry.
GLP-1
Native glucagon-like peptide 1, the endogenous incretin hormone that semaglutide and other drugs mimic. Very short acting in its natural form due to rapid DPP-4 degradation.
Glutathione
Tripeptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) and the body's master antioxidant. Present in every human cell. Used for detoxification, skin brightening, and oxidative stress reduction.
Gonadorelin
Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Stimulates FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary. Used for fertility, hypogonadism diagnosis, and maintaining testicular function during TRT.
HCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin — glycoprotein hormone naturally produced during pregnancy. Mimics LH to stimulate testicular testosterone and spermatogenesis. Used in TRT protocols and post-cycle therapy.
Hexarelin
Synthetic hexapeptide GHRP and one of the strongest growth hormone releasing peptides available. Also has cardioprotective properties through cardiac GHS receptor activation.
HGH 191AA
Recombinant human growth hormone (somatotropin). Identical to the 191-amino-acid protein produced by the anterior pituitary. Used for GH deficiency, anti-aging, and bodybuilding.
HGH Fragment 176-191
The unmodified C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191). Predecessor to AOD-9604. Retains the lipolytic properties of GH without anabolic or diabetogenic effects.
HMG
Human Menopausal Gonadotropin — extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. Contains both FSH and LH activity. Used for fertility treatment and in bodybuilding for PCT.
Humanin
A 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Related to MOTS-C. Plays cytoprotective roles against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and age-related diseases. A key peptide in longevity research.
Hyaluronic Acid
Naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found in connective tissue, skin, and synovial fluid. Used for joint lubrication, skin hydration, and dermal filling. Available in various molecular weights.
IGF-1
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, a 70-amino-acid peptide hormone structurally similar to insulin. The primary mediator of growth hormone's anabolic effects. Plays a critical role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults.
IGF-1 LR3
Long R3 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 — a modified IGF-1 with an arginine substitution at position 3 and a 13-amino-acid N-terminal extension. Reduced binding to IGF binding proteins gives it much greater potency.
IGF-DES
Des(1-3) IGF-1 — a truncated IGF-1 missing the first 3 N-terminal amino acids. More potent than native IGF-1 due to greatly reduced IGFBP binding, but much shorter acting than LR3.
Insulin
Peptide hormone (51 amino acids) essential for glucose metabolism. FDA-approved for diabetes. Used in bodybuilding for extreme nutrient shuttling and anabolic effects. Available in rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting forms.
Ipamorelin
Selective growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) that stimulates GH release from the pituitary with minimal effects on cortisol, prolactin, or appetite. Considered the mildest GHRP.
KissPeptin-10
The 10-amino-acid active fragment of kisspeptin, the master regulator of reproductive hormone release. Stimulates GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, upstream of the entire HPG axis.
Kisspeptin-54
The full-length 54-amino-acid form of kisspeptin, the master regulator of the reproductive hormone axis. More potent and longer-acting than KissPeptin-10. Being studied for fertility treatment, hypogonadism, and reproductive disorders.
KPV
Tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) derived from the C-terminal end of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Retains potent anti-inflammatory activity without the tanning or sexual side effects of full α-MSH.
L-Carnitine
Amino acid derivative naturally produced in the body. Transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation (energy production). Commonly used as a fat-burning supplement.
Lemon Bottle
Branded lipolytic injection containing riboflavin (vitamin B2), lecithin, and bromelain. Marketed as a fat-dissolving solution for localized fat reduction. Originated in South Korea.
Lipo-C
Lipotropic injection containing methionine, inositol, choline (MIC), plus B vitamins and L-carnitine. Used to support fat metabolism and energy levels. Common in weight loss clinics.
Liraglutide
A GLP-1 receptor agonist with 97% homology to native GLP-1. The predecessor to semaglutide. FDA approved for both type 2 diabetes (Victoza) and obesity (Saxenda). One of the most prescribed weight loss medications worldwide.
LL-37
Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (37 amino acids). Part of the innate immune system. Broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Also promotes wound healing.
Mazdutide
Dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Innovent Biologics. Approved in China for obesity, with up to 14% body weight loss in trials.
Melanotan I
Afamelanotide — a linear analogue of alpha-MSH that selectively activates MC1R for skin tanning. More selective than Melanotan II with fewer sexual and appetite side effects.
Melanotan II
Synthetic cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH. Non-selective melanocortin agonist promoting tanning, sexual arousal, and appetite suppression. Broader receptor profile than MT-1.
Melatonin
Pineal gland hormone that regulates circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle). Also a potent antioxidant. Naturally declines with age. Widely available as an over-the-counter supplement.
MGF
Mechano Growth Factor — a splice variant of IGF-1 produced locally in damaged muscle tissue. Initiates satellite cell activation and muscle repair after mechanical stress.
MK-677
Orally active growth hormone secretagogue (Ibutamoren). While not technically a peptide, it mimics ghrelin and stimulates GH release. Popular for its oral dosing convenience.
MOTS-C
Mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the 12S rRNA gene. Acts as an exercise mimetic, improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic function. Discovered at USC in 2015.
NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide — essential coenzyme in every living cell. Levels decline with age. Supplementation aims to restore cellular energy, DNA repair, and sirtuin activity.
Oxytocin
9-amino-acid neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus. Known as the 'love hormone' for its role in social bonding, trust, and pair bonding. Also stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown.
P21 (P021)
A small molecule peptide mimetic derived from the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Promotes neurogenesis and inhibits tau hyperphosphorylation. Studied as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
PEG-MGF
PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor — MGF conjugated with polyethylene glycol to dramatically extend its otherwise very short half-life, allowing systemic distribution.
Pentosan Polysulfate
A semi-synthetic polysulfated xylan derived from beechwood. Used for joint and cartilage repair, osteoarthritis, and interstitial cystitis. One of the most popular peptide-adjacent therapies in sports medicine and regenerative clinics.
PT-141
Bremelanotide — synthetic peptide derived from Melanotan II. FDA-approved (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. Acts on the brain rather than the vascular system.
Retatrutide
Triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors simultaneously. Achieved up to 24% body weight loss in Phase 2 trials, the highest recorded for any obesity drug.
RG3
Ginsenoside Rg3, a bioactive compound derived from Panax ginseng. While not a peptide, it is frequently offered alongside peptide therapies in regenerative medicine clinics for its immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties.
Selank
Synthetic analogue of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin with a Pro-Gly-Pro extension for stability. Developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences. Anxiolytic and nootropic with immune-modulating properties.
Semaglutide
GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for weight management (Wegovy) and type 2 diabetes (Ozempic). Works by reducing appetite and slowing gastric emptying.
Semax
Synthetic analogue of ACTH(4-10) with a Pro-Gly-Pro C-terminal extension. Developed in Russia as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent. Enhances cognition, memory, and attention.
Sermorelin
Synthetic GHRH analogue consisting of the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH. Previously FDA-approved for pediatric GH deficiency. Considered one of the safest and best-studied GH peptides.
SLU-PP-332
ERRα (estrogen-related receptor alpha) agonist developed at Washington University. Exercise mimetic that enhances endurance and muscle fiber type transformation. Novel mechanism distinct from AICAR.
SNAP-8
Acetyl octapeptide-3, marketed as 'Botox in a bottle.' Topical peptide that reduces facial wrinkles by partially inhibiting the SNARE complex responsible for muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction.
SS-31
Elamipretide — mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Restores mitochondrial function and reduces oxidative stress. Studied for aging and heart failure.
Survodutide
Dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist being developed for obesity and NASH/MASH (metabolic liver disease). Shows strong efficacy in reducing liver fat.
TB-500
Thymosin Beta-4 Acetate. Naturally occurring peptide found in nearly all human cells. Plays a key role in tissue repair, cell migration, and reducing inflammation.
TB-500 + BPC-157 + GHK-Cu
Triple healing combination adding GHK-Cu (copper peptide) to the BPC/TB stack. GHK-Cu adds collagen synthesis and skin/tissue remodeling to the healing effects.
Tesamorelin
Synthetic GHRH analogue FDA-approved for reducing visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Modified with a trans-3-hexenoic acid group for improved receptor binding.
Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin
A popular combination pairing FDA-approved Tesamorelin (GHRH analogue) with Ipamorelin (ghrelin mimetic) for enhanced growth hormone release. Favored for body composition improvement and visceral fat reduction.
Tesofensine
A triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor originally developed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease that showed significant weight loss in clinical trials. Inhibits reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine to reduce appetite.
Thymalin
Thymic peptide extract originally developed in Russia. Contains a complex of thymic peptides that modulate immune function and have reported anti-aging properties.
Thymosin Alpha-1
28-amino-acid peptide naturally produced by the thymus. Potent immune modulator that enhances T-cell and dendritic cell function. Approved in multiple countries for hepatitis B and as an immune adjuvant.
Thymosin Beta-4
A 43-amino-acid peptide naturally produced by the thymus gland. TB-500 is its active fragment. Thymosin Beta-4 is the full-length protein involved in tissue repair, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory responses throughout the body.
Thymulin
A nonapeptide hormone (9 amino acids) naturally secreted by thymic epithelial cells. Requires zinc for biological activity. Distinct from Thymalin. Plays a central role in T-cell maturation and immune system regulation.
Tirzepatide
Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and weight management (Zepbound). Superior weight loss results vs semaglutide in trials.
Vilon
A synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu) bioregulator developed as a thymic peptide. Studied for immune system modulation and anti-aging effects. Part of the Khavinson peptide bioregulator family along with Thymalin and Epithalon.
VIP
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide — a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide found throughout the body. Potent vasodilator, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulator. Studied for mold illness (CIRS) and pulmonary conditions.
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin — essential water-soluble vitamin for DNA synthesis, nerve function, and red blood cell formation. Deficiency is common, especially in vegans, elderly, and those on metformin. Injectable forms bypass absorption issues.
Recent Research
A novel exopolysaccharide from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H6 improves cholesterol metabolism via Muribaculum-mediated activation of the enterohepatic FXR-FGF15 axis.
Reactive Carbonyl Species Mediate Isothiocyanate Signaling Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana Guard Cells.
Amylin and the renin-angiotensin system: risk or opportunity in amylin-based therapy?
Amylin and the renin-angiotensin system: risk or opportunity in amylin-based therapy?
Increased levels of systemic iron content in adult-onset interleukin-6 knockout mice.